IGCSE · Practice questions · Parity checks, checksums and echo checks

Count the ones.

Six original Cambridge-style questions on error detection after transmission, with worked solutions.

Original questions All questions on this page are original work, written in the Cambridge IGCSE style. They are not from past papers. They test the same concepts and skills the syllabus rewards.
Keep these straight

Agree, send, recheck.

01
Explain
[2 marks]

Explain why data should be checked for errors after it has been transmitted.

  • Interference during transmission can affect the data. ✓
  • Bits may be lost, gained or changed, so the data received may not match the data sent. ✓
02
Apply
[2 marks]

The 7-bit values 1100101 and 1110000 are to be sent using even parity, with the parity bit as the leftmost bit. Write the two bytes that are sent.

  • 1100101 has four 1s (even), so the parity bit is 0: 01100101. ✓
  • 1110000 has three 1s (odd), so the parity bit is 1: 11110000. ✓
03
Analysis
[3 marks]

A system uses odd parity. These bytes are received: 10110110, 01001111, 01101001. Identify which byte contains an error and explain how you know. State one type of error a parity check would not detect.

  • 01101001 has an error. ✓
  • It has four 1s, which is even, but odd parity was agreed (the other two bytes each have five 1s). ✓
  • An error where two bits are changed (an even number of bits) would not be detected. ✓
04
Analysis
[3 marks]

This parity block was sent using even parity. One bit was changed during transmission.

12345678
Byte 110110111
Byte 201101001
Byte 311010011
Parity byte00011101

Identify the bit in error and write the corrected byte.

  • Byte 3 has five 1s (odd), so the error is in byte 3; the other bytes have six and four 1s. ✓
  • Column 4 has three 1s (odd); every other column is even. ✓
  • The error is byte 3, bit 4: corrected byte 3 is 11000011. ✓
05
Explain
[4 marks]

Describe how a checksum is used to detect errors in transmitted data.

  • A value (checksum) is calculated from the data before it is sent, using an agreed algorithm. ✓
  • The checksum is transmitted with the data. ✓
  • The receiver recalculates the checksum from the received data using the same algorithm. ✓
  • If the two values do not match, an error has occurred and the data is resent. ✓
06
Explain
[3 marks]

Describe how an echo check works, and give one disadvantage of it.

  • The receiver sends a copy of the received data back to the sender. ✓
  • The sender compares it with the original; if they are different an error has occurred and the data is resent. ✓
  • Disadvantage: it is not known whether the error happened on the way there or on the way back / the data is sent twice, doubling the traffic. ✓

Mark this once you have attempted all six and checked your working. It records a Practiced badge on the topic and adds a one-time bonus. Revealing the solutions alone does not count.