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9701 AS Chemistry/ Topic 10 Group 2/ 5 interactive simulations/ drag to rotate 3D scenes

Group 2, made interactive

Five simulations covering Topic 10: the trend in atomic size and ionisation energy down group 2 with shell diagrams, the reactions with oxygen, water and acid, the thermal decomposition of the carbonates and nitrates with a furnace you control, the opposite solubility trends of the hydroxides and sulfates, and the lime cycle.

1. Down group 2: atoms, ions and ionisation energy 3D · 10.1

Down the group each element has one more full shell. The atoms get bigger, the outer electrons are shielded by more inner shells, and both ionisation energies fall. That is why the metals get more reactive down the group.

drag to rotate · shells drawn to scale

Element

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
ATOMIC RADIUS
1st + 2nd IONISATION ENERGY
REACTIVITY

2. Reactions with oxygen, water and acid 2D · 10.1

All the group 2 metals are reducing agents: they lose their two outer electrons. The vigour increases down the group because those electrons are easier to remove. Pick a metal and a reagent and watch.

Metal

Reagent

3. Thermal decomposition of the carbonates and nitrates 2D · 10.1

Heat a group 2 carbonate and it splits into the oxide and carbon dioxide. The bigger the cation, the less it polarises the carbonate ion, so the more heat is needed. Turn up the burner and see which one decomposes.

Compound

400 °C
DECOMPOSES AT
STATUS
CATION RADIUS
POLARISING POWER

4. Solubility of the hydroxides and sulfates 2D · 10.1

Two opposite trends: the hydroxides become more soluble down the group, the sulfates less soluble. Add each compound to water and watch what dissolves, then use the trend to explain the barium meal and the test for sulfate ions.

Series

Barium sulfate is so insoluble that it is safe to swallow as a barium meal, even though barium ions are toxic; and it is the white precipitate in the test for sulfate ions with acidified barium chloride.

5. Calcium compounds at work 3D · 10.2

The lime cycle turns limestone into quicklime and slaked lime and back again. Each step is a group 2 reaction you have already met. Follow the cycle and see where each compound is used.

drag to rotate · press Next step

The lime cycle

COMPOUND
COMMON NAME
TheLucidSTEM · Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry 9701 · Topic 10 Group 2. Every scene runs in the browser; drag to rotate 3D scenes, wheel to zoom. Values are standard textbook data rounded for teaching.

About this lab: Group 2

3D shell diagrams and the ionisation energy trend down group 2, reactions with oxygen, water and dilute acid with flame colours and bubbles, thermal decomposition of the carbonates and nitrates with a furnace you control, the opposite solubility trends of the hydroxides and sulfates, and the lime cycle in 3D.

Five simulations covering Topic 10: the trend in atomic size and ionisation energy down group 2 with shell diagrams, the reactions with oxygen, water and acid, the thermal decomposition of the carbonates and nitrates with a furnace you control, the opposite solubility trends of the hydroxides and sulfates, and the lime cycle.

Group 2 is a free, browser-based simulation for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701 (topic 10 Group 2). The same ideas are examined in Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 (topic 7 Acids, bases and salts). The course is assessed in Paper 1 (Multiple Choice (AS)), Paper 2 (AS Structured), Paper 3 (Advanced Practical), Paper 4 (A Level Structured), Paper 5 (Planning, Analysis, Evaluation). Syllabus for examination in 2025-2027. There are 5 tabs, each a self-contained experiment with its own controls and live readings, and nothing to install: it runs on a laptop, tablet or classroom projector.

Syllabus coverage

Full syllabus map: AS Level Chemistry 9701 topic 10.

How to use this simulation

  1. 1. Down group 2: atoms, ions and ionisation energy. Down the group each element has one more full shell.
  2. 2. Reactions with oxygen, water and acid. All the group 2 metals are reducing agents: they lose their two outer electrons.
  3. 3. Thermal decomposition of the carbonates and nitrates. Heat a group 2 carbonate and it splits into the oxide and carbon dioxide.
  4. 4. Solubility of the hydroxides and sulfates. Two opposite trends: the hydroxides become more soluble down the group, the sulfates less soluble.
  5. 5. Calcium compounds at work. The lime cycle turns limestone into quicklime and slaked lime and back again.
  6. The buttons at the end of the tab strip give the scene the whole window (Full screen, Hide controls) and, on a dark stage, a projector-friendly palette (Light scene). Many scenes also have drag handles: drag them to change the set-up directly.

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