IGCSE 0625 / Section 1.5 / Core

The force that always pushes back.

Friction is the quiet opponent of every moving thing. It lets you walk and lets brakes work, yet it also wears parts down and wastes energy as heat. In air and water it has a faster growing cousin: drag, which bites harder the quicker you go.

The key idea

Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Drag (air or water resistance) is the resistive force on an object moving through a fluid. Drag increases sharply as the object speeds up, while solid sliding friction stays roughly constant.

Definitions · learn the exact words

Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact.

Drag (air or water resistance) is the resistive force on an object moving through a fluid.

both always oppose the motion
Section 01

Push against the resistance.

Drive the object across different surfaces and through the air. Watch the resistive arrow: rougher surfaces give more friction, and as the speed rises the drag arrow grows while the sliding-friction arrow barely changes.

Stage 1 · Learn

Check friction and drag

Four quick checks on what these forces are, their direction, and how drag changes with speed. Each correct answer earns XP and lights this skill on your star map.

Quick check+10 XP

Friction is a force that...

Quick check+10 XP

A box slides to the right across a floor. The friction force on the box acts...

Quick check+10 XP

Drag is the name for the resistive force on an object...

Quick check+10 XP

Compared with the same car driven slowly, a fast moving car experiences...

Section 02

Two resistive forces, compared.

 FrictionDrag
What it isopposes relative motion of two solid surfacesresistive force in a fluid (air or water)
Where it actsbetween solid surfaces in contacton objects moving through a fluid
As speed risesstays roughly constantincreases sharply
Directionopposite to the direction of motion
Worked example

A car has a forward driving force of 800 N and is travelling at a constant speed along a level road. State the total resistive force (friction plus drag) acting on it, and explain.

Step 1 · Constant speed means balanced forcesA steady speed in a straight line means the resultant force is zero.
Step 2 · Balance the forcesresistive force = driving force = 800 N
Step 3 · AnswerThe total resistive force is 800 N, exactly balancing the 800 N driving force, so there is no acceleration.
Examiner trap

On a moving object, friction and drag act opposite to the direction of motion, never along it. A common slip is to draw friction helping the motion. It always resists relative motion. Drag also increases with speed, so the resistive force on a fast moving car is much larger than on a slow one.

Stage 2 · Exam

Exam-style questions

Unlocks once the four checks above are done. Worth more XP, written in the style of Paper 1.

Finish the four checks above to unlock the exam questions
Exam style+20 XP

Which of these is a useful effect of friction?

Exam style+20 XP

The main difference between sliding friction and drag is that...

Exam style+20 XP

When a moving object is slowed by friction, its kinetic energy is mainly transferred to...

Skill unlocked

Friction and drag, mastered.

This skill is now lit gold on your star map. Keep the chain going.

-Rank -Level -Score -Topics
Go deeper · practice
Six original Cambridge-style questions
What friction and drag are, the direction they act, how drag grows with speed, useful and wasteful effects, and the transfer of kinetic energy to heat. Attempt each, then reveal the worked solution.
Stage 3 · master the unit
Motion, forces and energy challenge
Mixed questions across the whole unit, each one worth XP. Start this only when you feel confident across every topic in the unit, not just friction and drag.
Start the unit challenge →