IGCSE 0625 / Section 3.2 / Extended
Supplement (Extended) content

Light down a pipe.

A hair-thin thread of glass can carry a phone call, a film, or a surgeon view of your insides, all as pulses of light bouncing thousands of times along its length without ever leaking out.

The key idea

An optical fibre guides light along its length by repeated total internal reflection. The light strikes the walls at angles greater than the critical angle, so none escapes. Fibres are used for high-speed communications, where they carry huge amounts of data with little loss, and in medical endoscopes.

Definition · learn the exact words

An optical fibre is a thin glass fibre that carries light along its length by repeated total internal reflection.

light hits the walls above the critical angle, so it stays trapped

The light reflects many times along the fibre and can even follow gentle bends.

Section 01

Trap light in the fibre.

Send a ray into the fibre and watch it bounce along by total internal reflection, even around a bend.

Stage 1 · Learn

Check optical fibres

Four quick checks. Each correct answer earns XP and lights this skill on your star map.

Quick check+10 XP

Optical fibres carry light along their length by...

Quick check+10 XP

For light to stay inside a fibre, it must hit the walls at an angle...

Quick check+10 XP

One important use of optical fibres is...

Quick check+10 XP

A medical instrument that uses optical fibres to look inside the body is...

Section 02

Why it works, where it is used.

The physics is total internal reflection; the applications follow from carrying light with little loss.

Examiner trap

Light stays in a fibre because of total internal reflection, not because of any mirror coating. If a ray meets the wall at less than the critical angle it refracts out and the signal is lost, so the fibre must keep every reflection above the critical angle.

Stage 2 · Exam

Exam-style questions

Unlocks once the four checks above are done. Worth more XP, written in the style of Paper 2.

Finish the four checks above to unlock the exam questions
Exam style+20 XP

Light stays inside an optical fibre because at each wall it undergoes...

Exam style+20 XP

An advantage of optical fibres for communication is that they...

Exam style+20 XP

If light meets the wall of a fibre at less than the critical angle, it will...

Skill unlocked

Optical fibres, mastered.

Optical fibres mastered. Lenses are next in the light strand.

-Rank -Level -Score -Topics
Go deeper · practice
Six original Cambridge-style questions
How optical fibres guide light by repeated total internal reflection, the angle condition, and their uses. Attempt each, then reveal the worked solution.
Stage 3 · master the unit
Waves challenge
Mixed questions across the whole unit, each one worth XP. Start this only when you feel confident across every topic in the unit, not just optical fibres.
Start the unit challenge →