IGCSE 0625 / Section 3.2.1 / Core

Angle in, angle out.

A mirror does something wonderfully predictable: whatever angle a ray of light arrives at, it leaves at the very same angle on the other side of an imaginary line. Master that line, the normal, and ray diagrams stop being guesswork.

The key idea

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, both measured from the normal. The image in a plane mirror is virtual, upright, the same size as the object, laterally inverted, and as far behind the mirror as the object is in front.

Definition · learn the exact words

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, both measured from the normal.

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

The normal is the line drawn at right angles to the mirror at the point where the ray hits.

Section 01

Bounce a ray off the mirror.

Change the angle of the incoming ray and watch the reflected ray and the angles from the normal.

Stage 1 · Learn

Check reflection

Four quick checks. Each correct answer earns XP and lights this skill on your star map.

Quick check+10 XP

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence...

Quick check+10 XP

Angles in reflection are measured from...

Quick check+10 XP

The image in a plane mirror is...

Quick check+10 XP

The image in a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as...

Section 02

The image behind the glass.

The law fixes the angles; the image in a plane mirror always has the same set of properties.

Examiner trap

Always measure the angles from the normal, the line perpendicular to the mirror, not from the mirror surface. Measuring from the surface is the single most common reason ray diagrams lose marks.

Stage 2 · Exam

Exam-style questions

Unlocks once the four checks above are done. Worth more XP, written in the style of Paper 2.

Finish the four checks above to unlock the exam questions
Exam style+20 XP

A ray strikes a plane mirror at 30 degrees to the normal. The angle of reflection is...

Exam style+20 XP

A ray travels along the normal and strikes a plane mirror (angle of incidence 0 degrees). It reflects...

Exam style+20 XP

In a plane mirror, the image of the letter b appears as...

Skill unlocked

Reflection, mastered.

Reflection mastered. The light strand continues with refraction.

-Rank -Level -Score -Topics
Go deeper · practice
Six original Cambridge-style questions
The law of reflection measured from the normal, and the properties of the image in a plane mirror. Attempt each, then reveal the worked solution.
Stage 3 · master the unit
Waves challenge
Mixed questions across the whole unit, each one worth XP. Start this only when you feel confident across every topic in the unit, not just reflection.
Start the unit challenge →