IGCSE 0625 / Section 3.1 / Extended
Supplement (Extended) content

When the gap matches the wave.

Stand behind a wall and you can still hear someone speaking, but you cannot see them. Sound waves are long enough to bend around the edge; light waves are far too short. Whether a wave spreads depends on how its wavelength compares with the gap or obstacle.

The key idea

Diffraction is the spreading of waves through a gap or around an edge. The effect depends on the ratio of the gap width to the wavelength: spreading is strongest when the gap is comparable to the wavelength, and for a given gap, longer wavelengths diffract more.

Definition · learn the exact words

Diffraction is the spreading of waves as they pass through a gap or around an edge; it is greatest when the gap width is comparable to the wavelength.

strong spreading when gap ≈ wavelength

For a fixed gap, a longer wavelength diffracts more than a shorter one.

Section 01

Tune the gap to the wavelength.

Change the gap width and the wavelength and watch how much the waves spread beyond the gap.

Stage 1 · Learn

Check diffraction extended

Four quick checks. Each correct answer earns XP and lights this skill on your star map.

Quick check+10 XP

Diffraction is the...

Quick check+10 XP

Diffraction through a gap is strongest when the gap is...

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For the same gap, which wave diffracts more?

Quick check+10 XP

A gap much wider than the wavelength produces...

Section 02

It is the ratio that matters.

Whether a wave spreads a lot or a little comes down to comparing the gap with the wavelength.

Examiner trap

It is the ratio of gap to wavelength that matters, not the absolute size of the gap. A gap is only effectively narrow if it is small compared with the wavelength, so the same gap can diffract long waves strongly and short waves hardly at all.

Stage 2 · Exam

Exam-style questions

Unlocks once the four checks above are done. Worth more XP, written in the style of Paper 2.

Finish the four checks above to unlock the exam questions
Exam style+20 XP

Radio waves bend around a hill but light does not, mainly because radio waves have...

Exam style+20 XP

To produce the most diffraction through a gap, the gap should be made...

Exam style+20 XP

As a gap is widened until it is much greater than the wavelength, the diffraction...

Skill unlocked

Diffraction extended, mastered.

That completes the general-waves group. Light is next.

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Go deeper · practice
Six original Cambridge-style questions
How diffraction depends on the gap-to-wavelength ratio, and why longer wavelengths diffract more. Attempt each, then reveal the worked solution.
Stage 3 · master the unit
Waves challenge
Mixed questions across the whole unit, each one worth XP. Start this only when you feel confident across every topic in the unit, not just diffraction extended.
Start the unit challenge →