Thermal equilibrium, the thermodynamic scale and absolute zero, and the energy needed to warm a substance or change its state. Play the three simulations below. The gamified lessons and the topic Paper 4 practice are live below too.
Simulations · live
Interactive · liveReaching thermal equilibriumEnergy flows from the hotter object to the colder one until their temperatures meet.Loads only when you launch, so the page stays fast.
Interactive · liveTemperature scales and absolute zeroThe thermodynamic (Kelvin) scale, the Celsius shift of 273, and particle motion freezing at absolute zero.Loads only when you launch, so the page stays fast.
Interactive · liveThe heating curveSpecific heat capacity on the sloping parts, specific latent heat on the flat plateaus.Loads only when you launch, so the page stays fast.
Paper 4 practice · live
Structured questions · with worked solutionsTen original Paper 4 style questionsA full topic set covering thermal equilibrium, the thermodynamic scale, and specific heat and latent heat, each question linked to its lesson, with worked solutions.Open practice →