IGCSE 0625 / Section 1.5 / Core

When the pushing wins.

A single object usually has multiple forces pulling on it at once. Gravity pulls it down, the floor pushes it up, engines drive it forward, and friction drags it back. The single force that has the exact same effect as all these combined is called the resultant force.

The Key Idea

If forces are balanced, the resultant force is zero, and the object stays at rest or continues at a steady speed in a straight line. If forces are unbalanced, the resultant force is not zero, and the object accelerates or decelerates.

SECTION 01

Finding the resultant.

In a straight line, you simply add forces in the same direction and subtract forces acting in the opposite direction. Push the driving force higher than the resistive force and watch the car accelerate. Balance them out again, and the car does not stop; it simply locks into a steady speed.

SECTION 02

The rules of motion.

Zero force does not mean zero speed

The greatest trap in physics is believing an object needs a forward resultant force to keep moving. It does not. A car cruising at a steady 30 m/s on a highway has a resultant force of absolutely zero because the engine's push perfectly balances the air resistance. A forward resultant force is only needed to accelerate and change the speed.

Worked Example

A cyclist and her bicycle have a total mass of 80 kg. She pedals with a forward force of 150 N against a total drag of 30 N. Calculate the resultant force and her acceleration.

Step 1 : Resultant Force F = Driving Force - Resistive Force = 150 N - 30 N = 120 N forward
Step 2 : Apply Newton's Second Law F = ma → a = F / m
Step 3 : Acceleration a = 120 N / 80 kg = 1.5 m/s²
Practice this topic
Six original Cambridge-style questions.
Finding the resultant of opposite forces, using F = ma, and tackling the classic "steady speed" conceptual questions. Attempt each, then reveal the worked solution.